Acid reflux (also known as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, GORD or GERD) is a disease of the lower oesophagus and stomach. GORD involves inflammation and irritation of the lower oesophagus due to the reflux of food and gastric acid. This reflux of gastric contents is spontaneous and involuntary. As many as one in five people experience GORD symptoms at least once a week.
If there is too much pressure in the stomach, or if the sphincter muscle is not functioning properly, then contents of the stomach can splash back into the oesophagus, causing symptoms of GORD.
Heartburn is the common classical symptom of GORD. It is experienced as a gripping discomfort below the breastbone that may be made worse by lying down, eating or bending. It is extremely common in the Australian population and, in most cases, can be easily managed with simple lifestyle changes and over-the-counter antacid medications.
For more information on the condition, see Heartburn.
Video: Introduction to heartburn
Dr Joe Kosterich explains what happens in heartburn, the different forms of heartburn, tests that can be used to diagnose it, and ways it can be managed.
Heartburn is a symptom commonly experienced by pregnant women such that some women and obstetricians even consider it to be a normal occurrence in a healthy pregnancy. Heartburn refers to a burning sensation or warmth behind the lower end of the breastbone. Other common accompanying symptoms include a bitter taste, fullness, burping and difficulty swallowing.
Endoscopy was first introduced in 1853 by Antoine Jean Desormeaux, who is considered by many to be the "father of endoscopy". The first fibre optic endoscope was made possible by Basil Hirschowitz in 1954. Currently, endoscopy is used as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for various indications, ranging from gastrointestinal exploration to knee surgery.
Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract is also referred to as oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD), or gastroscopy for short. It passes a thin, flexible tube fitted with a camera through the mouth to the duodenum. It allows the physician to examine the mucosal lining of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum.
GORD often requires lifelong and regular use of antireflux therapies. Treatment tends to pursue three main aims: healing the damage to the oesophagus; preventing complications such as Barrett's oesophagus, strictures (narrowing) and oesophageal cancer; and alleviating your symptoms and improving your quality of life.
A particular bacteria, called Helicobacter pylori, can irritate the stomach and the beginning of the small bowel. H. pylori has been shown to cause and maintain ulcers and other problems in the stomach and in the duodenum. A specific treatment has been developed for the eradication of this bacteria.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a commonly prescribed class of medications whose main action is to create a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of stomach acid production. They are used for the treatment of a number of medical conditions, most often for GORD. They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available today.
Somac contains the active ingredient pantoprazole. Somac specifically blocks the action of the H+/K+ ATPase – an enzyme that exists in certain stomach cells. This enzyme is responsible for making acid in the stomach. Thus Somac blocks gastric acid secretion in the stomach.
Pariet contains the active ingredient rabeprazole. Pariet relieves the symptoms of reflux and ulcers by slowing down the secretion of acid by the cells that line the stomach. The acid suppression effect of Pariet occurs very quickly (within 2–4 hours) and lasts up to 23 hours after the first dose. Normal acid production can be decreased by 69%.
For more information on the medication, see Pariet.
Nexium
Nexium contains the active ingredient esomeprazole. It is used for the treatment of GORD, gastrointestinal symptoms caused by NSAIDs, and (in combination with antibiotics) helicobacter pylori related ulcers. Nexium works by reducing the amount of acid produced by the stomach, giving relief from the symptoms and allowing time for the ulcer to heal.
For more information on the medication, see Nexium.
Other medications for heartburn
Zantac
Zantac belongs to a class of drugs called histamine receptor antagonists. Its active ingredient, ranitidine, works by decreasing the amount of acid the stomach produces. Zantac is used for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease, GORD and heartburn.
For more information on the medication, see Zantac.
Supportive care
Reflux Infants Support Association (RISA) Inc
The Reflux Infants Support Association (RISA) Inc is an Australian not-for-profit community support organisation. It aims to provide moral and emotional support, encouragement and confidence to families of infants and children who suffer from GORD, as well as suggesting management strategies suitable for a child with GORD.
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Created: 17/2/2009
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