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Introduction to Neurostimulation

• The Development of Neurostimulation
• Types of Neurostimulation
• Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS)
• Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS)
• Intracranial Stimulation
  • Deep Brain Stimulation
  • Motor Cortex Stimulation

The Development of Neurostimulation

Neurostimulation has been used for the past 50 years. However it use has been increasing in recent times due to new exciting technology that has been developed, as well as research revealing more potential uses for this form of treatment. Stimulation of the peripheral nerves or peripheral nerve stimulation was the first form of neurostimulation to be developed, however it was not very popular initially and was replaced by a technique which stimulated the spinal cord, known as spinal cord stimulation. Stimulation of the brain was first performed in 1874, however it was only used as a form of therapy in the 1940's for the treatment of people with mental health problems. In the 1970's it gained some popularity as a form of treatment for people with Parkinson's disease, but because of its drawbacks, its popularity didn't last very long.

Types of Neurostimulation

Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS)

Spinal cord stimulation has a long history, however its use has only been widely accepted in the past 5 years or so. It is most commonly used in the treatment of pain that is not responsive to treatment and is not due to cancer. Examples of its use are

• Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS) - continued pain after back surgery.
• Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) - condition where there is pain, swelling and difficulties with movement in the limbs.
• Extremity pain due to peripheral neuropathy (failure of the nerves carrying information to the brain and spinal cord causing pain, sensory problems and problems with movement), root injury and phantom limb pain (pain in an already amputated arm or leg, as if it were still there).
• Pain due to lack of blood supply in a limb, usually due to diseased blood vessels supplying the limb.

In addition, many other applications of SCS that are being developed and investigated, these include:

• Chest pain in people with heart problems (such as angina).
• Urinary Incontinence (reduced ability to control urination).
• Occipital neuralgia (condition affecting a nerve supplying the scalp causing pain and headaches).
• Interstitial cystitis (condition causing pain in the bladder and the surrounding pelvic region).

There are two main systems of SCS that are currently available:

• Totally Implantable System: This system delivers an electrical pulse using a pulse generator that has its own power source. This generator is implanted in the person's skin and sends electrical impulses down a wire that is attached to a specific area of the spinal cord.
• A Radiofrequency coupled system: This system also consists of an impulse generator that is implanted under the person's skin, but this is coupled with a radiofrequency receiver. The difference is that a radiofrequency is used to stimulate the generator to produce impulses. A radiotransmitter, which produces the radiowaves, is worn on the patients wrist like a wrist band and when stimulation of the spinal cord is needed a radiofrequency antenna is attached over the receiver that is implanted under the skin.

The implantation procedure itself occurs in two stages:

• Stage 1: This is where the lead is implanted for a trial of the therapy which may last between 1 and 10 days.
• Stage 2: This is where the complete neurostimulation system is implanted following the trial period.

It is important to know that there are a variety of conditions where the use of SCS is not recommended, examples of these are:

• Infection near the spine
• An infection that affects the whole body
• Bleeding disorders
• Scarring the the part of the spine where the wires are placed
• Patients with cardiac pacemakers

For more information, see Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS).

 

For more information, see Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices.

 

Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS)

This form of neurostimulation is generally used for treatment unresponsive pain that originates from peripheral nerves. There are many different nerves that can be stimulated using this form of therapy, examples of some are the median, ulnar and radial nerves of the arm. When the procedure is being performed the nerve that is going to be stimulated is surgically exposed. Then the wire and the electrode are inserted, and much like in spinal cord stimulation a pulse generator is also implanted. The same two types of systems are available in peripheral nerve stimulation where a totally implantable system or a radiofrequency coupled system can be used. Once again, much like the spinal cord stimulation system the unit is tested for a trial period and then implanted permanently.

Intracranial Stimulation

There are two different forms of intracranial (meaning inside the brain) stimulation; deep brain stimulation and motor cortex stimulation.

Deep Brain Stimulation

Brain stimulation initially evolved as a method for treating chronic pain and epilepsy. Recently the focus of this therapy has shifted towards it being a treatment for Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. The move towards the use of neurostimulation in Parkinson's disease was mainly the result of the many pitfalls associated with drug therapy in that condition. In addition, the reversibility and adjustability of the procedure was a major advantage. Deep brain stimulation should be avoided in the following situations:

• Parkinson's plus syndromes, which are syndromes that have the same characteristics of Parkinson's disease but also have other distinguishing features that make them separate
• Patients with cardiac pacemakers
• Patients with impaired ability to think (e.g. dementia)

Deep brain stimulation should be used with caution in the following conditions:

• Where there is a structural abnormality in the brain or spinal cord.
• Mental health conditions.
• Conditions where there is degeneration (atrophy) of the brain.

Motor Cortex Stimulation

Motor cortex stimulation involves the electrical stimulation of areas of the brain that control movement. Stimulation of this area is useful in treating complex pain that arises from the brain itself or other nerves outside the brain, which does not respond to treatment with drugs. Risks associated with motor cortex stimulation are as follows:

• bleeding inside the brain
• gradual reduction in benefit
• Stimulation that results in pain

Motor cortex stimulation is thought to have a lower complication rate than deep brain stimulation.

Reference

1. Alo K.M. & Holsheimer J. 2002 'New Trends in Neuromodulation for the Management of Neuropathic Pain', Neurosurgery, vol. 50, no. 4, pp 690 - 704
2. Barolat G. & Sharan A. D. 2000 'Future Trends in Spinal Cord Stimulation', Neurological research, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 279 - 285
3. Benabid A. L. et al 2000 'Future prospects of brain stimulation', Neurological Research, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 237
4. Mekhail N. A. et.al. 2004, 'Cost Benefit Analysis of Neurostimulation for Chronic Pain', Clinical Journal of Pain, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 462 - 468
5. Murray S. et.al. 2000 'Neurostimulation treatment for angina pectoris', Heart, vol. 83, pp.217-220
6. Rice S. A. et.al. 2003, 'Clinical Pain Management: Practical Applications and Procedures', Oxford University Press, London.
7. Rezai A.R. 2000, 'Neurostimulation', Neurological research, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 236
8. Simpson B. A. 2004 'Therapeutic Neurostimulation - An Overview', 9th Annual Conference of the International FES Society
9. Wallace M.S. & Staats P.S. 2005 'Pain Medicine and Management' McGraw Hill, New York.
10. Weiner R.L. 2000 'The future of peripheral nerve neurostimulation', Neurological Research, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 299
11. Gybels J, Erdine S, Maeyaert J, Meyerson B, et al. 1998 'Neuromodulation of pain. A consensus statement prepared in Brussels 16-18 January 1998, by the task force of the European Federation of IASP Chapters (EFIC)' 1998 Eur J Pain vol. 2, pp. 203-9
12. Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. 2006 'Mode of Action of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Neuropathic Pain', Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, vol 31, no. 4, pp S6-12

This treatment is used for the following diseases:

• Angina Pectoris and Unstable Angina
• Urinary Incontinence

Articles related to this Treatment include:

• Pain experts discuss new frontiers in neuromodulation at conference

Article Dates:

Created: 1/6/2006

Modified: 1/4/2009

Reviewed: 9/6/2007